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Electric vehicle charging connector in Europe

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IEC Type 2

Female (vehicle connector) Combo2 &#; DC Charger (left) and Normal

Type 2

&#;

1&#;3 phase

AC Charger (right).

Type Electric vehicle chargingProduction historyDesigner MennekesDesigned Produced General specificationsLength 200 millimetres (7.9 in)Diameter 70 millimetres (2.8 in)Width 70 millimetres (2.8 in)Height 63 millimetres (2.5 in)Pins 7 (1 earth, 3 line phases, 1 neutral, 2 signalling)Connector VDE-AR-E -2-2ElectricalSignal DC, 1&#;3 phase ACEarth Dedicated pinMax. voltage 480 VMax. current 300 ADataData signal SAE J#Signaling: Resistive / Pulse-width modulationPinout Pinouts for Type 2 female (charging station outlet/vehicle connector) and male (vehicle inlet/outlet side plug) electric vehicle charging plugsPP Proximity pilot pre-insertion signallingCP Control pilot post-insertion signallingPE Protective earth full-current protective earthing system&#;6-millimetre (0.24 in) diameterN Neutral single-/three-phase AC / DC-midL1 Line 1 single-/three-phase AC / DC-midL2 Line 2 three-phase AC / DC-midL3 Line 3 three-phase AC / DC-mid Combo 2 extension adds two extra high-current DC pins underneath and does not use the AC pins.

The IEC Type 2 connector (often referred to as Mennekes for the company that designed it) is used for charging electric vehicles, mainly within Europe, as it was declared standard by the EU. Based on widespread red IEC three phase plugs with five pins, which come in different diameters according to maximum current (most common are 16 A and 32 A), a single size was selected, as maximum possible power will be communicated to the car via two additional communication pins and by a simple resistor coding within the cable. The onboard charger inside the car has to limit the current accordingly.

The connector is circular in shape, with a flattened top edge; the original design specification carried an output electric power of 3&#;50 kW for charging battery electric vehicles using single-phase (230V) or three-phase (400V) alternating current (AC), with a typical maximum of 32 A 7.2 kW using single-phase AC and 22 kW with three-phase AC in common practice.[1] The plugs have openings on the sides that allow both the car and the charger to lock the plug automatically to prevent unwanted interruption of charging, or theft of the cable.

As modified by Tesla for its European Supercharger network (up to Version 2), it is capable of outputting 150 kW using direct current (DC) via two pins each, with a switch inside the Tesla Model S or X car selecting the required mode. Since , Tesla has adopted the CCS2 connector on their Version 3 Superchargers (outputting 250 kW), including a second cable for CCS support on Version 2 Superchargers, on all European models of the Model 3 and Y, with a hardware upgrade and adapter for pre- Model S and X vehicles,[2] and since on Model S and X as the new connector.[3]

History, overview, and peer connectors

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The Type 2 connector system was originally proposed by Mennekes in . The system was later tested and standardized by the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) as VDE-AR-E -2-2, and subsequently recommended by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) in . In January , the IEC Type 2 connector was selected by the European Commission as official AC charging plug within the European Union.[4] It has since been adopted as the recommended connector in most countries worldwide, including New Zealand.[5] When passing AC, the maximum power of the Mennekes connector is 43 kW.[6] The IEC Type 1 connector (codified under SAE J) is the corresponding standard for single-phase AC charging in the United States, Canada, and South Korea.[7] J has a maximum output of 19.2 kW.[8]

In North America, the same Type 2 physical connector is used for three-phase AC charging under the SAE J standard, which uses Local Interconnect Network (LIN) for control signaling based on IEC -1 Edition 3 Annex D.[9][10] J increases the maximum output to 166 kW using three-phase AC.[8]

The same physical connector is also used in China under the Guobiao standard GB/T .2- for AC-charging, with gender differences for the vehicle and electric vehicle supply equipment. GB/T -2 specifies cables with Type 2-style male connectors on both ends, and a female inlet on vehicles[11]&#;the opposite gender to the rest of the world, and with different control signaling.

The Combined Charging System Combo 2 "fast charging" connector uses the signaling and protective earth pins of the Type 2 connector and adds two pins for rapid charging, with direct current power supplied at rates up to approximately 350 kW.[7]

Description

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Regional variations in IEC -2 Type 2 AC implementation[

citation needed

] Region / Standard Socket outlet Connecting cable Vehicle inlet Electrical Plug Connector Phase (φ) Current Voltage EU / IEC Type 2 Female Male Female Male 1φ 70A 480V 3φ 63A US / SAE J AC6 Permanently connected Female Male 3φ 100, 120, 160A 208, 480, 600V China / GB/T .2 Female Male Male Female 1φ

(3φ reserved)

16, 32A 250/400V

As specified by IEC , cars are fitted with a standardized male vehicle inlet, whilst charging stations are fitted with a female socket outlet, either directly on the outside of the charging station, or via a flexible cable with permanently attached connector on the end. When the charging station is equipped with a permanently fixed cable, the connector end of the cable can be attached directly into the vehicle inlet, similar to using a petrol pump and when no fixed cable is available, a separate male-to-female cable is used to connect the vehicle, either using the charging station, or from a traditional IEC -2 industrial connector.

The Type 2 connector system was originally proposed by Mennekes in leading to the colloquial name of Mennekes. The system was later tested and standardized by the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) as VDE-AR-E -2-2, and subsequently recommended by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) in . As of , Type 2 is intended to replace the previous vehicle connectors used for AC charging within the European electric vehicle network, displacing both Type 1 (SAE J) and Type 3 (EV Plug Alliance Types 3A and 3C; colloquially, Scame) connectors. For DC charging, the Combo 2 socket (Type 2 supplemented with 2 DC pins) shall become standard in cars, replacing Type 4 CHAdeMO. The transition period is scheduled to last until .[13][needs update]

The IEC Type 2 connector is used in a slightly modified form for all European Tesla Model S and Model X vehicles, and the European Tesla Supercharger network.[14] As of Tesla is the only automaker which offers charging with alternating current and direct current based on the IEC -2 specification. For charging with direct current the specification IEC -3 Combined Charging System (CCS) is favored in Europe.[15]

Pins

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AC and DC operating modes of a Type 2 plug in the EU[

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The connectors contain seven contact places: two small and five larger. The top row consists of two small contacts for signaling, the middle row contains three pins, the center pin is used for Earthing, while the outer two pins used for the power supply, optionally in conjunction with the two pins on the bottom row which are also for power supply. Three pins are always used for the same purposes:

• Proximity pilot (PP): pre-insertion signaling
• Control pilot (CP): post-insertion signaling
• Protective earth (PE): full-current protective earthing system&#;6-millimetre (0.24 in) diameter

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The allocation of the four normal power supply pins vary depending on the mode of operation. They are allocated as:

Female connector, middle and bottom row (power pin) allocations[

citation needed

] Mode Maximum (A1) (C1) (E1) Volts Amps (B2) (D2) Single-phase AC 500V AC 1×80A Neutral (N) Earth (PE) AC (L1) N/C N/C Three-phase AC 3×63A Neutral (N) Earth (PE) AC (L1) AC (L3) AC (L2) Combined single-phase AC and low-current DC 500V AC/DC 1×80A (AC) &
1×70A (DC) Neutral (N) Earth (PE) AC (L1) DC (+) DC (-) Low-current DC 500V DC 1×80A (DC) N/C Earth (PE) N/C DC (+) DC (-) Mid-current DC 1×140A (DC) DC (+) Earth (PE) DC (-) DC (+) DC (-)

Some vehicle inlets may contain the extra connections to allow the CCS DC-only charger (high-current DC) to be inserted.[17]

Communication takes place over the CP/PP signaling pins between the charger, cable, and vehicle to ensure that the highest common denominator of voltage and current is selected.

The signaling protocol is identical to that of Type 1 connectors as described in the SAE J standard.

Gallery

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• connector found on the end of the permanently-attached connector cable of

  Type 2-compatible femalefound on the end of the permanently-attached connector cable of Tesla Superchargers in Europe

• Type 2 male vehicle inlet for electric charging; the closed bottom portion of the inlet covers the two DC pins used for CCS Combo 2

  EraCharge are exported all over the world and different industries with quality first. Our belief is to provide our customers with more and better high value-added products. Let's create a better future together.

• Charging station female socket outlet and matching male plug (blue color). In China only, a male connector is used for both ends of the connecting cable.

• connector (Mennekes)

  Type 2 female

• vehicle inlet on European

  Type 2-compatible 120 kW maleon European Tesla Model S

• vehicle inlet

  Type 2 (CCS Combo 2) European Tesla Model 3 male

See also

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• IEC , for information about the specification
• CHAdeMO and CCS Combo, for rapid charging.
• SAE J, or Type 1 connector, the equivalent AC connector used in North America, South Korea and Japan
• OpenEVSE

References

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This comprehensive guide on Level 2 charging for electric vehicles (EVs) covers everything from Level 2 charging speeds and charger types to EV charging incentives, ensuring you have all the knowledge you need to fully understand Level 2 EV charging.

LEVEL 2 CHARGERS: WHAT SETS THEM APART?

Level 2 chargers are a step up from Level 1 chargers, offering faster charging speeds using alternating current (AC) power. In the United States, they utilize a 208/240 volts input; in Europe, they utilize either a single-phase 230 volts input or a three-phase 400 volts input. Level 2 chargers are primarily designed for home, workplace, and public charging stations; they&#;re compatible with most electric vehicles available on the market and are the most common level charger installed globally. Level 2 chargers come in wall-mounted versions, which can also be attached to a pedestal, and versions with an all-in-one design.

AC VS. DC CHARGING

When discussing electric vehicle charging, it&#;s essential to understand the two types of electrical current used: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Both currents play a crucial role in how long it takes to charge an EV and battery management in electric vehicles&#; charging process.

Alternating Current (AC)

The electricity that comes from the grid and powers the outlets in your home or office is always AC. This electrical current is named after the way it flows, changing direction periodically. AC electricity can be transported over long distances efficiently, making it the global standard for power distribution. Level 2 EV charging inputs and outputs power in AC.

Direct Current (DC)

In contrast, batteries in EVs store direct current, named after its straight-line power flow. DC electricity is used within the power circuitry of electronic devices, powering them directly. When an electric vehicle is plugged into a Level 2 EV charging station, it receives AC power, which is then converted to DC electricity for use within the car by its onboard converter.

AC and DC Charging for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles undergo a power conversion process when charging with a Level 2 EV charger. The AC power supplied by the L2 charger is converted into DC electricity by the vehicle&#;s onboard converter before being stored in the battery. This DC power is then used to operate the vehicle.

Level 1 and Level 2 charging stations utilize AC power, which is converted to DC power by the vehicle&#;s onboard converter during the charging process. In contrast, Level 3 charging, also known as DC fast charging, directly supplies the battery with DC power. This is possible because the conversion from AC to DC occurs within the charging station, bypassing the vehicle&#;s onboard converter. This enables Level 3 chargers to deliver power quicker than Level 2.

By understanding the roles of AC and DC electricity in electric vehicle charging, you&#;ll better grasp the charging process and how the different levels of EV chargers operate to provide power to your vehicle.

The charging curves between AC and DC electric vehicle charging differ. With Level 2 EV charging (AC), the power delivery is steady as the onboard converter can only accept a relatively small amount of power at a time. This differs from DC fast charging, which delivers a high peak of power at the start before it slowly tapers down in power delivery as the battery slowly requests less power through the battery management system. You can see the difference in the charging curves in the below illustration.

HOW FAST IS LEVEL 2 EV CHARGING?

Charging speeds for Level 2 chargers range from 3 to 19.2 kilowatts (kW) in the United States and up to 22 kW in Europe, providing 10 to 75 miles (16 &#; 120 km) of range per hour of charging. The specific charging speed achieved depends on the charger&#;s power output and the vehicle&#;s onboard charging capabilities, including its charge acceptance rate. Roughly speaking, a Level 2 charger can be up to 19 times faster than a Level 1 charger. However, it isn&#;t as fast as Level 3 DC fast charging.

Charging LevelOutput Power RangeEstimated Charge time (40 kWh)Estimated Range Per Hour of EV ChargingEV Connector TypeUser CaseLevel 2 (L2)3 kW &#; 22 kW (19.2 kW for USA)2 &#; 13 hours10 &#; 75 miles (16 &#; 120 km)Type 1 &#; J (USA and Japan)
Type 2 &#; Mennekes (Europe)
GB/T AC (China)Home, workplace, overnight charging, hotels, long stay car parks, and public charging

CHARGING TIMES FOR LEVEL 2 CHARGERS

The charging time for a Level 2 charger is influenced by the charger&#;s power output, the EV&#;s onboard charge acceptance rate, and the vehicle&#;s battery size. Many other variables can affect charging time, but here are some rough estimates based on an electric car that can accept the full charge power of the EV charger and adds 40 kWh of battery capacity (40 kWh is the average capacity of EV batteries).

Level 2 Charger Output PowerCharge Time (hours)3 kW13.37 kW5.711 kW3.619.2 kW2.122 kW1.8

Please keep in mind these times will vary depending on the specific make and model of EV.

LEVEL 2 CHARGER TYPES: TETHERED VS. UNTETHERED

Level 2 electric vehicle chargers come in two main varieties: tethered and untethered. This section will delve into the key differences, merit and demerits, and other factors to consider when choosing between the two difference Level 2 charger types.

Tethered EV Chargers

Tethered chargers feature a permanently attached charging cable and connector, saving you from carrying a separate charging cable. They are easy to use and always ready for charging (when available). However, compatibility with all EVs depends on the connector type. Tethered Level 2 chargers are popular in North America.

Benefits of tethered EV chargers

• Convenience and ease of use &#; tethered chargers offer a hassle-free charging experience, as the charging cable and connector are always available and ready to use, eliminating the need to connect and disconnect charging cables manually. Ideal if you have forgotten your charging cable.
• Price transparency &#; the tethered EV charging cable is included in the overall price of the EV charger, so there is no need to buy separate charging cables to use it.

Things to consider with tethered EV chargers

• Limited by length &#; you will be limited by the size of the EV charging cable supplied by the manufacturer. If a longer charging cable is needed, this will be at an additional cost and usually must be specified at the point of order.
• More significant in size &#; having the attached cable will mean that the overall space required may need to be larger to accommodate the management of the charging cable. Additional cable management may need to be purchased in addition to the charger to keep the charging cables neat and tidy.
• Theft of cables &#; incidents of tethered charging cables being cut by criminals for their scrap value.
• Wear and tear &#; tethered cables are subject to wear and tear and may need to be replaced in the future.

Untethered EV Chargers

Untethered EV chargers do not have a permanently attached charging cable or connector. Instead, users must supply their own charging cable, which can be connected and disconnected via a socket in the EV charger. Untethered Level 2 chargers are popular throughout Europe.

Benefits of untethered EV chargers

• Easier to maintain &#; untethered chargers are smaller and tidier as they do not include the charging cable. Without the charging cable attached, there are fewer elements to maintain and potentially need replacing in the future.
• Less expensive &#; as they do not include a charger cable, an untethered EV charger is generally less expensive to buy than its tethered equivalent.
• Less restricted &#; if you need a longer charging cable, you can buy one without replacing the whole charger. As charging technology develops, it also allows for the use of upgraded charging cables in the future.

Things to consider with untethered EV chargers

• Less convenient &#; you have to physically attach the charging cable before charging and detach it once charging has finished, an extra step that isn&#;t needed for a tethered version.
• Not for everyone &#; if someone hasn&#;t got their charging cable or has forgotten it, they can not use the EV charger.

LEVEL 2 CHARGING CONNECTORS AND PLUGS

Different EV charging connectors and plug types are used in various regions across the globe. Four connectors and plugs are used mainly for Level 2 charging.

Type 1 (J)

The Type 1 connector and plug (the J Plug) is a charging standard used mainly in North America and Japan. It can deliver up to a 19.2 kW EV charger with 80 amps utilizing a single-phase 240-volt input. Almost every battery electric car and plug-in hybrid vehicle in North America, with the exception of Tesla, uses the Type 1 J connector and plug.

Type 2 (Mennekes)

The Type 2 connector and plug, or Mennekes, is a charging standard used in Europe, Australia, and parts of the Middle East and Africa. It can deliver up to 7.6 kW with 32 amps at single-phase 230-volt and 22 kW with 32 amps utilizing a three-phase 400-volt input.

GB/T (AC)

GB/T is the EV connector and plug for AC electric vehicle charging in China. It can provide up to 7.4 kW of power output with a single-phase input. It looks similar to the Type 2 connector used in Europe. However, the wiring configuration inside the cable is entirely different, and as such, they are incompatible.

NACS (North American Charging Standard)

The NACS is a charging standard developed by Tesla for use in North America. It was previously named the Tesla Super Charger connector. It can provide both AC and DC charging to a Tesla model vehicle. The AC version classed as Level 2 can deliver up to 48 Amps on a single-phase 240-volt input.

IDEAL LOCATIONS FOR INSTALLING LEVEL 2 CHARGERS

Level 2 chargers offer the versatility to function efficiently in various locations, ensuring convenience and accessibility for EV users. Here are the ideal places for installing Level 2 chargers:

Home

Installing Level 2 chargers at home is perfect for overnight charging. They can provide a good range for daily commuting and regular short journeys, offering convenience and flexibility for homeowners.

Workplaces

Workplaces serve as strategic locations for Level 2 chargers. These chargers allow employees to recharge their EVs during work hours, making adopting electric vehicles more feasible and beneficial for staff. Installing EV chargers at your workplace will also help to attract and retain environmentally conscious staff and can be used as an employee benefit or perk.

Public Charging Stations

Installing Level 2 chargers at public charging stations provides accessible charging solutions for EV drivers away from home or work. These locations can include community centers, parks, event venues, leisure centers, and roadside rest stops. Public charging stations are essential for EV users who cannot have an EV charger at home due to no off-street parking.

Commercial Properties

Commercial properties such as retail parks, restaurants, long-stay car parks, and hotels are excellent locations for Level 2 chargers. They support EV fleets, encourage customers to spend more time on the premises and potentially money while their vehicles charge, and convey a commitment to sustainability.

In summary, Level 2 chargers can be strategically placed in various locations to support the widespread use of electric vehicles and meet the changing needs of different user groups. By carefully selecting installation locations, Level 2 charging can seamlessly integrate into people&#;s lives and daily routines, making EV ownership a more attractive option.

INCENTIVES FOR INSTALLING LEVEL 2 CHARGERS

Many countries, states, and local governments offer financial incentives to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles and in particular EV charging infrastructure. Incentives for EV charging include tax credits, rebates, and grants. In the United States there are various Level 2 and DC fast charger incentives by state including rebates from utility companies.

Level 2 charging is a practical, efficient, and convenient method for charging electric vehicles at home, work, or public locations. By understanding the various aspects of Level 2 charging, such as charging speeds, connectors, and available incentives, you&#;ll be well-equipped to decide whether installing Level 2 charging stations is the right choice for you.

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