How to Choose high-temperature heat pump water heater for manufacturing in?

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Heat pump water heaters use electricity to move heat from one place to another instead of generating heat directly. Therefore, they can be two to three times more energy efficient than conventional electric resistance water heaters. To move the heat, heat pumps work like a refrigerator in reverse.

While a refrigerator pulls heat from inside a box and sends it into the surrounding room, a stand-alone air-source heat pump water heater pulls heat from the surrounding air and transfers it -- at a higher temperature -- to heat water in a storage tank. You can purchase a stand-alone heat pump water heating system as an integrated unit with a built-in water storage tank and back-up resistance heating elements. You can also retrofit a heat pump to work with an existing conventional storage water heater.

Heat pump water heaters require installation in locations that remain in the 40º&#;90ºF (4.4º&#;32.2ºC) range year-round and provide at least 1,000 cubic feet (28.3 cubic meters) of air space around the water heater. Air passing over the evaporator can be exhausted to the room or outdoors.

Heat pump water heaters will not operate efficiently in a cold space since they tend to cool the space they are in.  Installing them in a space with excess heat, such as a furnace room, will increase their efficiency.

You can also install an air-source heat pump system that combines heating, cooling, and water heating. These combination systems pull their heat indoors from the outside air in the winter and from the inside air in the summer. Because they remove heat from the air, any type of air-source heat pump system works more efficiently in a warm climate.

Homeowners primarily install geothermal heat pumps -- which draw heat from the ground during the winter and from the indoor air during the summer -- for heating and cooling their homes. For water heating, you can add a desuperheater to a geothermal heat pump system. A desuperheater is a small, auxiliary heat exchanger that uses superheated gases from the heat pump's compressor to heat water. This hot water then circulates through a pipe to the storage water heater tank in the house.

Desuperheaters are also available for tankless or demand-type water heaters. In the summer, the desuperheater uses the excess heat that would otherwise be expelled to the ground. With frequent operation during the summer, the geothermal heat pump may provide the majority of your hot water needs.  

During the fall, winter, and spring -- when the desuperheater isn't producing as much excess heat -- you'll need to rely more on your storage or demand water heater. Some manufacturers also offer triple-function geothermal heat pump systems, which provide heating, cooling, and hot water. They use a separate heat exchanger to meet all of a household's hot water needs.

Selecting the right Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH) tank for a particular installation doesn&#;t have to be complicated; we have put together a simple and convenient resource you can use to choose the appropriate HPWH tank to meet a customer&#;s household needs.

The following article provides information on brand-specific features like clearance and breaker requirements, ducting requirements, and tank volume and sizing recommendations. Simplify the selection experience and consider referencing this resource next time you are assisting a customer with replacing their water heater.

Tank Volume

Choosing the appropriate size HPWH tank depends on the size of the household, hot water demand requirements, and installation location. Make sure the water heater can handle the households hot water usage by considering the number of bedrooms and bathrooms in the house &#; plumbing codes categorize the tank by the first-hour rating, which is specific to the size of the tank based on the number of bedrooms and bathrooms in a household.

HPWH tank sizes typically range from 40 to 80 gallons. The figure below shows appropriate sizing for a household:

To maximize efficiency, size UP. To ensure maximum energy savings, choose the next tank size up. Bigger HPWHs can be more efficient in the long run, since they are less likely to rely on backup electric resistance heating and will ensure the household has plenty of hot water for all occasions, resulting in more energy savings for the customer.

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Compared with standard electric tanks, HPWHs typically have higher first-hour ratings.

Hot Water Demand

The functionality of the heat pump in addition to electric elements means a HPWH offers the same or better responsiveness than a standard electric tank. Since many households are likely to have three or more back-to-back showers, consider using the following sizing guidelines when determining the appropriate tank size for the customer.

Installation Location

As HPWHs can be slightly larger than standard electric tanks, always double-check the HPWH tank dimensions will fit in the selected installation space. Be sure to allow for tank-specific requirements including ducting, side-plumbing, and manufacturer-specific clearance requirements to allow for adequate room to remove and replace the filter located on the top of the unit.

Take into consideration the size of the space to avoid blowing the exhaust air directly against a wall &#; this will hamper air flow and result in decreased tank efficiency.

The following table provides dimensions by brand and model:

Amperage Availability

Check the size of the breaker to the existing water heater and compare with the amperage requirement stated in the specification sheet for each brand of HPWH. HPWH amperages typically range from 15- to 30-Amps, however 15- and 20-Amp versions will not have auxiliary heating elements. The homeowner may or may not choose to upgrade the breaker to accommodate a larger breaker requirement.

In the case of homes that have low hot water loads and long periods of time between large hot water draws, where the minimum incoming air temperature is always above the minimum operating temperature range, the 15-amp Hybrid Electric or the 120-volt Plug-in Heat Pump tanks can also be an appropriate option for installation.

Ducting Requirements

If the installation requires ducting, ensure maximum performance by installing proper ducting and/or exhaust configurations that are suitable for the layout of the installation space.

Exhaust will be located in the back of the system or on the right side of the tank.

Tip: Order the duct adaptor kits ahead of time to be prepared for the installation.

Top vs. Side Plumbing

Choose a brand with top or side plumbing to simplify tank installation according to potential space constraints.

If the installation space is a tight fit, such as a utility closet or laundry room, consider a tank that has top-plumbing connections to save you and your customer time and materials. If the installation is in a bigger space, like a garage or basement, side-plumbing is a great option.

The following table provides an outline of the specific features for each HPWH tank brand:

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Tip: As a partner, Hot Water Solutions offers contractors resources including sales and marketing strategies, product support, as well as direct training opportunities with manufacturers.

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