What Do ODM And OEM Mean? // ODM vs. OEM vs. ...

When looking for a manufacturer for your products, there are three basic types of manufacturing arrangements: Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM), Original Design Manufacturing (ODM), and Contract Manufacturing (CM). So, what are the Benefits of ODM vs. OEM vs. contract manufacturing? After running Cosmo for over seven years and working with hundreds of factories in almost every conceivable arrangement, we have learned that our clients have very different expectations of how they expect to work with a manufacturer. These three categories cover almost every arrangement with factories that our clients and ourselves have worked with. 

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The simple definitions are: 

• OEM &#; Original Equipment Manufacturing // When a factory makes a product but customizes it based on a client design

• ODM &#; Original Design Manufacturing // When a manufacturer designs and produces it in-house and sells it to a client with little to no modifications

• CM &#; Contract Manufacturing // When a Client fully develops the product in detail and hires a manufacturer to make the product

What Does ODM Mean? 

ODM stands for Original Design manufacturer, meaning that the factory makes products the buyer designs but is based loosely on existing products. 

When the Buyer works with the factory, the Buyer purchases items the factory is already making. The Buyer is only expected to design or own packaging and branding. In some cases, the Buyer won&#;t even change the branding or packaging and sell it as the factory provides; in other cases, the Buyer may request minor cosmetic changes such as color and additions of logos. Of course, there is a gray area between OEM and ODM based on how many customizations you make, but to keep it simple, ODM is simply preaching an existing product.  

Trade shows such as Global Sources and the Canton Fair are great examples of ODM manufacturing. Each factory has elaborate booths to showcase its designs so potential buyers can purchase them as-is or with customization and sell them in their respective countries. China has long been the leader in ODM manufacturing, while other countries are far behind. Most manufacturers outside of China tend to be Contract Manufacturers, which we&#;ll discuss later in this article.

The biggest issue with ODM involves intellectual property and who owns the product design, even with customization. For the most part, since the factory did all or almost all of the design, they own the IP, while the Buyer owns the copyrights to the branding. This can create a massive issue if you fear a manufacturer selling your product. Fortunately, there are ODM agreements that can prevent factories from using your customizations and branding but likely not prevent them from selling the same or similar products. 

What Does OEM Mean? 

OEM Stands for Original Equipment manufacturer, which means that the factory makes a product based on designs that the client provides. 

When you enter into an OEM arrangement with a factory, the client is expected to provide a detailed product spec sheet and product design for the factory to make. Various degrees of OEM exist, ranging from using a product that the factory already makes with significant customizations, such as changes to shape and dimensions, to designing a nearly new product full-on. If you create a new product that does not exist on the market, your arrangement will likely be contract manufacturing. 

Custom molds or other tooling must be created with many OEM projects to make the item. These must be made before production starts, and the Buyer almost always pays for the cost. Sometimes, the manufacturer will pay for the molds and include the cost in the sales price. 

Since the Buyer is also designing the product and creating the product spec sheet, they are likelier to own the Intellectual property. In addition, since the Buyer is also paying for the tooling and molds, they own those parts of the production, and they can have contracts that prevent the manufacturer from using them for other clients. 

What is Contract Manufacturing? 

Contract Manufacturing is broad and generally a step beyond OEM manufacturing. For example, the Buyer has a new product not on the market and contracts with a manufacturer to produce the item. An example is Apple, which designs every aspect of the iPhone but contacts Foxconn to do the assembly. In Apple&#;s case, like many other buyers, apple is also designing and sourcing components separately and sending them to Foxconn to be used in the final product. 

The IP for contract manufacturers is more straightforward since the Buyer designs all aspects of the product. Therefore, they should have total ownership of the IP Rights. However, this does need to be enforced with a contract, patents, and trademarks, which are up to the Buyer to acquire. 

 Is ODM the Same as Private Label? 

The short answer is Yes. A private label, called a White Label, buys already-made products and adds a logo or colors. This is a common practice for FBA and other eCommerce sellers and is one of the easiest ways to start in retail. 

Check out our Private Label Beginners Guide

ODM vs. OEM 

Several factors need to be considered when comparing the two, such as development time, intellectual property ownership, tooling cost, and more.

Intellectual property issues and ODM vs. OEM vs. Contract Manufacturing 

Each of the three has completely different IP rights. ODM gives most IP rights, except branding, to the manufacturers, while in Contract Manufacturing, all IP rights belong to the Buyer. OEM falls in between, with the Buyer owning the branding and some aspects of the design while the manufacturer can own rights to other aspects of the designs they made themselves. 

It is also very difficult to patent ODM items as they tend to be items already on the market. For instance, you can&#;t patent a baseball cap, but you can patent a sweatproof band on the inside that you developed, and it&#;s used in baseball caps. 

Ultimately, the Buyers must acquire intellectual property, patents, and trademarks before manufacturing. It&#;s also important to note that only contracts written in Chinese are valid in China, and you will be fighting an uphill battle should you sue a manufacturer in their own country. 

The best way to protect yourself is to file the brand and design trademarks and patents in the market in which you will sell and use them to take down sales channels should your manufacturer or competitor use your IP 

Who Creates the Product Spec Sheet? 

For each of the three methods of working with factories, the expectation of who is to create the Product spec sheet varies:

• OEM &#; Created by the Buyer but may have help or guidance from the manufacturer

• ODM &#; created by the supplier/factory

• Contract Manufacturing &#; created by the Buyers

ODM vs. OEM product development time

Since each method has a different degree of work, the time it takes to make a product once the designs are ready varies greatly.

• ODM &#; 1 to 4 weeks

• OEM &#; 1 to 6 months

• Contract Manufacturing 3 &#; 12 months

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With ODM, you use existing designs from the manufacturer with minimal customizations. As a result, you can move quickly and get a product in stock and ready to retail quickly. This is one of the reasons ODM/Private labels are recommended for first-time buyers. 

ODM can take a month to considerably longer based on the degree of customization. For example, if you are getting a mold made for your product, you should expect it to take at least four weeks to produce. In addition, you should expect about 2 -4 weeks to create the product spec sheet and design files.  

With contract manufacturing, you create all aspects from scratch, which can take considerable time. This includes designing the product, setting up manufacturing, and sourcing components. 

Once the manufacturing lines are set up for mass production, you should expect them to take roughly the same time between all three. The main delays 

Who pays the cost related to molding and tooling 

• ODM is paid for by the factory or supplier

• OEM &#; Paid for by the Buyer

• Contract Manufacturing &#; paid for by the Buyer

The Pros and Cons of ODM vs. OEM Manufacturing

The Advantages of OEM

• Most suppliers are OEM factories, and it&#;s the easiest type of manufacturer to find

• With OEM, you can make the product as you see fit as long as it is technically possible.

• You own the intellectual property as long as you have the right contracts and protections.

• You&#;ll have a product that is uniquely yours on the market.

The Advantages of ODM

• In the short development process, you can quickly get an item in production and retail.

• Most manufacturers can customize within a limited degree

• There is no added cost relating to tolling or molds

The Cons of OEM

• The Buyer has to pay for all tooling and molding costs, which can be extremely costly depending on the degree of customization.

• It takes at least a month, and usually longer, to create a mold and do new tooling.

• You need to provide all design files and format them in a way that can be understood by the manufacturer and read by the machinery.

The Cons of ODM

• You can only buy what is already offered by suppliers

• Your competitors have access to the same products that you do

• You do not have any IP protections

• You trust that your supplier is not violating someone else&#;s IP.

Where to find OEM, ODM, and Contract Manufacturers 

ODM is most common in China, and finding ODM suppliers in other countries is difficult. Despite the recent trade war, China is still the best at manufacturing all types, although several countries, such as India and Vietnam, are rapidly making up the ground. It can manufacture various products, but other countries, like Vietnam, are good for contract manufacturing. 

Regarding Online resources, Alibaba and Global sources are the best for finding ODM and Private-label products. Global sources have a great verification system to ensure quality and trustworthiness, while Alibaba has the largest selection of suppliers, though many are questionable. Here are the best alternatives to Alibaba.

When sourcing from Vietnam or other countries, the factories expect the clients to have their design files and not have existing products available. If you plan on doing contract manufacturing or OEM, it&#;s perfectly fine to look outside China. Still, I do not recommend going outside of China for ODM products, and I say this as someone with more than five years of experience sourcing and manufacturing in Vietnam.

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